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Living organisms, from small to big, it's not easy. Prokaryotes also, according to current views, are among the oldest organisms of the planet and, therefore, appeared on Earth billions of years ago. Is arranged so our bacterium, that's amazing. The length of Escherichia coli - something about 2 micrometers thick - less than 1 micrometer. And if you pull a length of thread of DNA, it will reach 1100-1400 microns. So cleverly folded molecule in a ring that fits on such a small space is negligible. Each segment of DNA - a gene that determines the continuity of single ancestral properties of the bacteria. In the DNA strand esherehiya coli - thousands of genes. And although our sticks is not much of what is contained in the cells of nuclear organisms - eukaryotes, talking about her primitive, as we see, is not necessary.
Not surprisingly, E. coli is based in the laboratories of genetic engineers. It was under her care were extracted, synthesized insulin and interferon. How can this be achieved?
If you do not go into details, it's all there seems to be simply and understanding. Simply, though, bordered with fiction ...
Using a set of enzymes, some of which may be likened to scissors, glue and others, managed to build, patched into the genetic apparatus of Escherichia coli of human interferon gene. And if esherehiya began to develop, synthesize interferon, like all human. This is new to her profession she passes by inheritance: because it introduced in human cells a gene that causes a response to the invasion of virus production of interferon.
One more detail. Managed to find a convenient carrier. It turned out to bacteriophage virus, which, so to speak, hauling in E. coli gene interferon withdrawn from human cells.
Genetic engineering opens up new ways to solve these problems, which are the usual means to overcome the difficult and sometimes impossible.
Here is one example. American engineers have been able to construct a gene "super-fast bacilli"; eating unrefined oil, germ unusually fast it breaks down. It is believed that in excess of the bacterium can be used for oil spill at sea or in cleaning the holds of tankers. The creators decided to bacteria devouring oil to patent his invention. Because in the world was not such a case, to set up a transfer of genes patented microorganism then decide legal case to the Supreme Court had the United States. The court decided the dispute in favor of genetic engineering - a patent has been issued.